Rujukan Jam (alat)

  1. ↑ Turner 1984, halaman 1
  2. ↑ Cowan 1958, halaman 58
  3. ↑ Tower of the Winds - Athens
  4. ↑ The History of Clocks
  5. ↑ James, Peter (1995). Ancient Inventions. New York, NY: Ballantine Books. m/s. 126. ISBN 0-345-40102-6. 
  6. ↑ The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond, Monk of St. Edmundsbury: A Picture of Monastic and Social Life on the XIIth Century. London: Chatto and Windus. Diterjemah dan disunting oleh L. C. Jane. 1910. 
  7. ↑ History of Song 宋史, Vol. 340
  8. ↑ Silvio A. Bedini: “The Compartmented Cylindrical Clepsydra”, Technology and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1962), pp. 115-141 (116-118)
  9. ↑ Usher, Abbot Payson (1988). A History of Mechanical Inventions. Courier Dover. ISBN 048625593X. , p.305
  10. 1 2 White, Lynn Jr. (1966). Medieval Technology and Social Change. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0195002660. , p.126-127
  11. ↑ Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhar (1997). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-15510-2.  p.121
  12. ↑ Milham, Willis I. (1945). Time and Timekeepers. New York: MacMillan. ISBN 0780800087. , p.121
  13. ↑ Clock. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Univ. of Chicago. 1974. m/s. 747. ISBN 0852292902. 
  14. ↑ Anzovin, Steve (2000). Famous First Facts: A record of first happenings, discoveries, and inventions in world history. H.W. Wilson. ISBN 0824209583.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan), p.440
  15. ↑ p. 529, "Time and timekeeping instruments", History of astronomy: an encyclopedia, John Lankford, Taylor & Francis, 1997, ISBN 0-8153-0322-X.
  16. ↑ Usher, Abbott Payson (1988). A history of mechanical inventions. Courier Dover Publications. m/s. 209. ISBN 048625593X. 
  17. ↑ Lance Day and Ian McNeil, penyunting (1996). online preview: Biographical dictionary of the history of technology Check |url= value (bantuan). Routledge (Routledge Reference). m/s. 116. ISBN 0-415-06042-7. 
  18. ↑ "Table clock c. 1650 attributed to Hans Buschmann that uses technical inventions by Jost Bürgi". The British Museum. Dicapai 11 April 2010. 
  19. ↑ Ahmad Y al-Hassan & Donald R. Hill: “Islamic Technology”, Cambridge 1986, ISBN 0-521-42239-6, p. 59
  20. ↑ p. 249, The Grove encyclopedia of decorative arts, Gordon Campbell, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-19-518948-5.
  21. ↑ "Monastic Alarm Clocks, Italian", entry, Clock Dictionary.
  22. ↑ Tekeli, Sevim (1997). Taqi al-Din. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0792340663. 
  23. ↑ Gould, Rupert T. (1923). The Marine Chronometer. Its History and Development. London: J. D. Potter. m/s. 66. ISBN 0-907462-05-7. 
  24. ↑ Cipolla, Carlo M. (2004). Clocks and Culture, 1300 to 1700. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0393324435. , p.31
  25. ↑ Jespersen, James (1999). From Sundials to Atomic Clocks: Understanding Time and Frequency. New York: Courier Dover. ISBN 0486409139.  Parameter |coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan) p.39
  26. ↑ "How clocks work". InDepthInfo. W. J. Rayment. 2007. Dicapai 2008-06-04. 
  27. ↑ Milham, Willis I. (1945). Time and Timekeepers. New York: MacMillan. ISBN 0780800087.  p.74
  28. 1 2 Marrison, Warren (1948). "The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock". Bell System Technical Journal. American Telephone and Telegraph Co. 27: 510–588. Dicapai 2008-06-04. 
  29. ↑ Milham, 1945, p.85
  30. ↑ "Quality factor, Q". Glossary. Time and Frequency Division, NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). 2008. Dicapai 2008-06-04. 
  31. ↑ Jespersen 1999, p.47-50
  32. ↑ Riehle, Fritz (2004). Frequency Standards: Basics and Applications. Germany: Wiley VCH Verlag & Co. ISBN 3527402306.  p.9
  33. ↑ Milham, 1945, p.325-328
  34. ↑ Jespersen 1999, p.52-62
  35. ↑ Milham, 1945, p.113

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